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          IO 小计
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        <p>我们都知道IO，网络，内存，CPU是影响计算机性能的比较重要的几个部分。对于I/O，我们经常仅仅停留于概念层的理解，这次我们不妨做点小事情来认识下I/O。来看下如何优化IO来达到提升机器性能。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>给出一个题目： 将一个2GB左右的大型文件，复制到另一处位置，需要多少时间呢？</p>
</blockquote>
<a id="more"></a>

<p>如果你是一个Java开发者，那么可选的方案有以下三者，让我们动手写几个Demo来试一下。</p>
<ol>
<li>java IO</li>
<li>java NIO</li>
<li>java MappedByteBuffer（内存映射）</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="JAVA-IO-方案："><a href="#JAVA-IO-方案：" class="headerlink" title="JAVA IO 方案："></a>JAVA IO 方案：</h4><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">readByIO</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="keyword">throws</span> IOException </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        BufferedInputStream bufferedInputStream = <span class="keyword">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        BufferedOutputStream bufferedOutputStream = <span class="keyword">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">try</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            Integer bufferSize = <span class="number">20</span> * <span class="number">1024</span> * <span class="number">1024</span>;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">byte</span>[] buffer = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="keyword">byte</span>[bufferSize];</span><br><span class="line">            File file = <span class="keyword">new</span> File(path);</span><br><span class="line">            bufferedInputStream = <span class="keyword">new</span> BufferedInputStream(<span class="keyword">new</span> FileInputStream(file));</span><br><span class="line">            bufferedOutputStream = <span class="keyword">new</span> BufferedOutputStream(<span class="keyword">new</span> FileOutputStream(<span class="keyword">new</span> File(IO_OUT_FILE)));</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">while</span> (bufferedInputStream.read(buffer) &gt; <span class="number">0</span>) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                bufferedOutputStream.write(buffer);</span><br><span class="line">            &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (Exception e) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            e.printStackTrace();</span><br><span class="line">        &#125; <span class="keyword">finally</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            bufferedInputStream.close();</span><br><span class="line">            bufferedOutputStream.close();</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="JAVA-NIO-方案："><a href="#JAVA-NIO-方案：" class="headerlink" title="JAVA NIO 方案："></a>JAVA NIO 方案：</h4><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">FileChannel inputFileChannel = <span class="keyword">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        FileChannel outPutFileChannel = <span class="keyword">null</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">try</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            inputFileChannel = <span class="keyword">new</span> FileInputStream(<span class="keyword">new</span> File(path)).getChannel();</span><br><span class="line">            outPutFileChannel = <span class="keyword">new</span> FileOutputStream(<span class="keyword">new</span> File(NIO_OUT_FILE)).getChannel();</span><br><span class="line">            outPutFileChannel.transferFrom(inputFileChannel, <span class="number">0</span>, inputFileChannel.size());</span><br><span class="line">        &#125; <span class="keyword">catch</span> (Exception e) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            e.printStackTrace();</span><br><span class="line">        &#125; <span class="keyword">finally</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            inputFileChannel.close();</span><br><span class="line">            outPutFileChannel.close();</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="JAVA-MappedByteBuffer-方案："><a href="#JAVA-MappedByteBuffer-方案：" class="headerlink" title="JAVA MappedByteBuffer 方案："></a>JAVA MappedByteBuffer 方案：</h4><figure class="highlight java"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">public</span> <span class="keyword">void</span> <span class="title">readByMapping</span><span class="params">()</span> <span class="keyword">throws</span> IOException </span>&#123;</span><br><span class="line">        Integer bufferSize = <span class="number">20</span> * <span class="number">1024</span> * <span class="number">1024</span>;</span><br><span class="line">        RandomAccessFile randomAccessFile = <span class="keyword">new</span> RandomAccessFile(<span class="keyword">new</span> File(path), <span class="string">&quot;r&quot;</span>);</span><br><span class="line">        FileChannel outPutFileChannel = <span class="keyword">new</span> FileOutputStream(<span class="keyword">new</span> File(MAPPING_NIO_OUT_FILE2)).getChannel();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">for</span> (<span class="keyword">int</span> i = <span class="number">0</span>; i * bufferSize &lt; randomAccessFile.length(); i++) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">long</span> leave = bufferSize;</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> ((i + <span class="number">1</span>) * bufferSize &gt; randomAccessFile.length()) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                leave = randomAccessFile.length() - (i * bufferSize);</span><br><span class="line">            &#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">            MappedByteBuffer mappedByteBuffer = randomAccessFile.getChannel().map(FileChannel.MapMode.READ_ONLY, i * bufferSize, leave);</span><br><span class="line">            outPutFileChannel.write(mappedByteBuffer);</span><br><span class="line">        &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="结果"><a href="#结果" class="headerlink" title="结果"></a>结果</h4><ol>
<li>方案一：10980ms</li>
<li>方案二：14528ms</li>
<li>方案三不使用buffer的情况：24851ms</li>
<li>方案三：8023ms</li>
</ol>
<p>可以看到，但你使用不同的方式来使用IO的时候，其实对于机器的性能还是有很大的影响的。那么如何才能够提升我们使用IO的效率呢？笔者不才，搜集了一些资料来和大家分享一下。</p>
<h3 id="物理层IO性能相关"><a href="#物理层IO性能相关" class="headerlink" title="物理层IO性能相关"></a>物理层IO性能相关</h3><p>对于磁盘有两个衡量的指标IOPS以及吞吐量：</p>
<ol>
<li>IOPS指的是（Input/Output Per Second）关注的随机读写能力</li>
<li>吞吐量一般针对顺序读写能力；</li>
</ol>
<h4 id="IOPS概念"><a href="#IOPS概念" class="headerlink" title="IOPS概念"></a>IOPS概念</h4><p>针对IOPS，我们可以通过一些指标来更清晰的理解这个概念，以7200转的机械硬盘为例，</p>
<p>IOPS = 1000 ms/ (寻道时间 + 旋转延迟)。可以忽略数据传输时间。<br>7200转/分的STAT硬盘平均物理寻道时间是9ms<br>7200  rpm的磁盘平均旋转延迟大约为 60*1000/7200/2 = 4.17ms</p>
<p><strong>rpm的磁盘IOPS = 1000 / (9 + 4.17)  = 76 IOPS</strong></p>
<h4 id="吞吐量概念"><a href="#吞吐量概念" class="headerlink" title="吞吐量概念"></a>吞吐量概念</h4><p>吞吐量比较简单就是顺序读的时候，磁盘所能输出的流量，例如128MB/s</p>
<h4 id="RAID-磁盘阵列"><a href="#RAID-磁盘阵列" class="headerlink" title="RAID 磁盘阵列"></a>RAID 磁盘阵列</h4><p>当你无法提升单块磁盘性能的时候，这时就可以使用RAID 磁盘阵列。RAID分为0~5，针对不同的业务情况，可以选择不同的策略。一般来说，都是使用RAID0，然后通过在不同的服务器上做备份（例如HDFS）。<br>RAID0可以理解为有n块磁盘，n块磁盘同时写入，这样就能够大大提升写入性能。</p>

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